The Influence of *Tawakkal* Behavior on Hardiness among Muslim Adults

Abstract

The progression of modernization and globalization has heightened life demands, rendering individuals vulnerable to stress and psychological pressure; consequently, there is a need for internal resources that foster resilience and personal development. In psychology, "hardiness" is understood as a personality trait crucial for coping with stress, whereas from an Islamic perspective, “tawakkal” is viewed as an attitude of surrendering oneself to Allah after exerting maximum effort. Although religiosity and spirituality are frequently linked to psychological well-being, empirical studies specifically examining the impact of “tawakkal” behavior on hardiness remain limited. This study aimed to empirically examine the influence of “tawakkal” behavior on hardiness using a quantitative approach. The study involved 200 participants and utilized the “tawakkal” Scale (20 items) and the Hardiness Scale (15 items). Data analysis was conducted using simple linear regression. The results indicated that “tawakkal” behavior did not have a significant effect on hardiness (p > 0.05); thus, the research hypothesis was not empirically supported. These findings suggest that “tawakkal” functions primarily as an emotional coping mechanism and a source of meaning in life, whereas hardiness is more strongly influenced by an individual's cognitive and existential processes in interpreting stressful experiences. This study helps clarify the conceptual boundaries between Islamic spirituality and hardiness, while underscoring the importance of more rigorous conceptual integration within Islamic psychology and personality psychology.